Menopause: Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, and When to Seek Medical Advice

Gynecologist-obstetrician Dr. Kianza Roger explains that menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation, usually between ages 45 and 55, confirmed after 12 consecutive months without periods. It most often results from the natural aging of the ovaries, but may occur earlier after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgical removal of both ovaries; before age 40, it may indicate premature ovarian insufficiency. Symptoms can include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, mood changes, vaginal dryness, and urinary issues. Any vaginal bleeding after 12 months without periods, as well as unusual or persistent pain, warrants prompt medical attention.