Espionage threats blur lines between security and dissent in Iran

Wars waged by the United States and Israel against Iran have exposed weaknesses in Iranian intelligence and security institutions, including through the killing of senior figures such as former Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei on February 28. Political scientist Saeid Golkar says Tehran is responding to genuine espionage threats while also invoking security to suppress dissent and intimidate society. Former Mossad chief David Barnea said dozens of Israeli agents entered Iran before the 12-day war in June 2025. He also said Israeli intelligence sought to have Iranian citizens arrested to protect its agents; footage of agents was subsequently released, followed by the arrests of thousands of people with no ties to Mossad.